Drug Resistance

Deadly Defiance

Leslie Roberts and Stephen Simpson
Science 18 July 2008: 355.
Summary »|   PDF »|  

News

The Bacteria Fight Back

Gary Taubes
Science 18 July 2008: 356-361.
Summary »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Podcast Interview »|  

Collateral Damage: The Rise of Resistant C. difficile

Gary Taubes
Science 18 July 2008: 360.
Summary: Resistance to antibiotics can bestow on a bacterial strain the advantage it needs to spread through the hospital environment. Clostridium difficile is an unfortunate case in point. Full Text »|   PDF »|  

Trench Warfare in a Battle With TB

Eliot Marshall
Science 18 July 2008: 362-364.
Summary: As tuberculosis took off in Russia in the 1990s, one antibiotic after another failed; the state of Tomsk responded with an epidemic-fighting strategy pioneered by the Boston nonprofit Partners in Health. Deaths have declined, but resistance to drugs remains high. Full Text »|   PDF »|   Podcast Interview »|  

Anti-TB Drugs: And Then There Were None

Eliot Marshall
Science 18 July 2008: 364.
Summary: Two crucial antituberculosis drugs, capreomycin and cycloserine, are valued today precisely because they didn't seem valuable a short time ago. Full Text »|   PDF »|  

Perspectives

Antibiotics and Antibiotic Resistance Genes in Natural Environments

José L. Martínez
Science 18 July 2008: 365-367.
Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Podcast Interview »|  

Outwitting Multidrug Resistance to Antifungals

Brian C. Monk and Andre Goffeau
Science 18 July 2008: 367-369.
Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Podcast Interview »|  

This Week in Science

Editor summaries of this week's papers.
Science 18 July 2008: 313.
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Editorial:
Engaging Russian Scientists

Glenn Schweitzer
Science 18 July 2008: 317.
Summary »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|  

Editors' Choice

Highlights of the recent literature.
Science 18 July 2008: 318.
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Science Podcast

Science 18 July 2008: 423.
Summary: The 18 July 2008 show includes pathogenic fungi, resistance genes in natural environments, extremely multidrug-resistant bacteria, and more. Full Text »|   Transcript »|  

NEW PRODUCTS

Science 18 July 2008: 423.
Summary »|   PDF »|  

News of the Week

CLIMATE CHANGE: Bush Takes a Final Swipe, and Salute, at CO₂ Emission Curbs

David Malakoff
Science 18 July 2008: 324-325.
Summary: Last week, the Bush Administration essentially ended its tumultuous relationship with climate change, unveiling two decisions that all but ensure that President George W. Bush will leave office without making a binding commitment to cut greenhouse gas emissions. Full Text »|   PDF »|  

RESEARCH ETHICS: Old Samples Trip Up Tokyo Team

Dennis Normile
Science 18 July 2008: 324.
Summary: A University of Tokyo team has retracted a published research paper because it apparently failed to obtain informed consent from tissue donors or approval from an institutional review board. Full Text »|   PDF »|  

DEFENSE RESEARCH: New Policy Tries to Ease Security Restrictions

Yudhijit Bhattacharjee
Science 18 July 2008: 325.
Summary: The Department of Defense has issued a new policy directive that's meant to resolve a 7-year dispute between the Pentagon and academic institutions over the rules governing unclassified research. Full Text »|   PDF »|  

MEDICINE: Stalled Trial for Autism Highlights Dilemma of Alternative Treatments

Erik Stokstad
Science 18 July 2008: 326.
Summary: A long-simmering controversy over an unproven treatment for autism illustrates the difficulty of deciding whether to test questionable therapies, especially in children. Full Text »|   PDF »|  

PALEOCEANOGRAPHY: Caribbean Megaeruptions Drove a Global Ocean Crisis

Richard A. Kerr
Science 18 July 2008: 327.
Summary: New geochemical evidence recovered from ancient muck strongly links a global ocean crisis called Oceanic Anoxic Event 2 to one of the world's largest episodes of volcanism. Full Text »|   PDF »|  

NUCLEAR PHYSICS: Two U.S. Labs Vie for Long-Delayed Exotic Nuclei Source

Adrian Cho
Science 18 July 2008: 328.
Summary: Can a small group of university researchers triumph over a big national laboratory in a competition to build and operate a $550 million piece of scientific machinery? The competition pits physicists at Michigan State University against the Department of Energy's Argonne National Laboratory. Full Text »|   PDF »|  

SOCIOLOGY: Survey Finds Citations Growing Narrower as Journals Move Online

Jennifer Couzin
Science 18 July 2008: 329.
Summary: A sociologist argues on page 395 of this week's issue of Science that making scholarly articles available online has narrowed citations to more recent and less diverse articles than before--the opposite of what most people expected. Full Text »|   PDF »|  

ScienceScope

Science 18 July 2008: 327.
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Random Samples

Science 18 July 2008: 321.
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Newsmakers

Science 18 July 2008: 323.
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News Focus

AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH: Reinventing Rice to Feed the World

Dennis Normile
Science 18 July 2008: 330-333.
Summary: With prices of rice and other cereals soaring and granaries emptying, it might take a second green revolution to avert widespread famine. Full Text »|   PDF »|  

AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH: Sowing the Seeds of Expertise

Dennis Normile
Science 18 July 2008: 332.
Summary: An innovative training program at the International Rice Research Institute aims to hone the skills of established rice researchers and entice young scientists into the field. Full Text »|   PDF »|  

GENETICS: Simple Sleepers

Elsa Youngsteadt
Science 18 July 2008: 334-337.
Summary: Classic genetic model organisms--fruit flies, zebrafish, and roundworms--are popular newcomers in sleep research laboratories, although debate continues about how much their dozing relates to human slumber. Full Text »|   PDF »|  

ACOUSTICS '08: Sound Science Maps Venetian Canals and Peruvian Ruins

Science 18 July 2008: 338.
Summary: A new generation of archaeologists is harnessing sound waves to reveal the invisible and studying sound as an artifact itself, according to research presented at the Acoustics '08 meeting. Full Text »|   PDF »|  

ACOUSTICS '08: Ultrasound Uses in Medicine Heat Up

John Bohannon
Science 18 July 2008: 338-339.
Summary: New ultrasound-based technologies, described at the Acoustics '08 meeting, are poised to probe the inner structure of bones and treat otherwise incurable cancers. Full Text »|   PDF »|  

ACOUSTICS '08: Snapshots From the Meeting

John Bohannon
Science 18 July 2008: 339.
Summary: Snapshots from the Acoustics '08 meeting include studies of how speech betrays fatigue and how polar bears and tigers hear. Full Text »|   PDF »|  

ACOUSTICS '08: Listening to Distant Ice Crack

John Bohannon
Science 18 July 2008: 339.
Summary: At the Acoustics '08 meeting, scientists described using acoustic instruments designed to detect nuclear explosions to listen to the crumbling of the Antarctic ice shelf. Full Text »|   PDF »|  

Letters

 The Cost of Conservation

Michael Bode, James Watson, Takuya Iwamura, and Hugh P. Possingham
Science 18 July 2008: 340.
Full Text »|   PDF »|  

 Conservation with Caveats

Bernard W. T. Coetzee;, Claire Kremen, Alison Cameron, Andriamandimbisoa Razafimpahanana, Atte Moilanen, Chris D. Thomas, Henk Beentje, John Dransfield, Brian L. Fisher, Frank Glaw, Tatjana C. Good, Grady J. Harper, Robert J. Hijmans, David C. Lees, Edward Louis Jr., Ronald A. Nussbaum, Steven J. Phillips, Christopher J. Raxworthy, George E. Schatz, Miguel Vences, David R. Vieites, Patricia C. Wright, and Michelle L. Zjhra
Science 18 July 2008: 340-342.
Full Text »|   PDF »|  

 Corrections and Clarifications

Science 18 July 2008: 342.
Full Text »|   PDF »|  

Books et al.

MEDICINE: When Sleep Proves Impossible

Michael L. Perlis
Science 18 July 2008: 343.
Summary: Drawing on her lifelong affliction with chronic insomnia and her interviews with neurologists, sleep researchers, physicians, psychiatrists, and fellow sufferers, the author weaves a wide-ranging account of the condition, its causes, and potential remedies. Full Text »|   PDF »|  

PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE: Addressing Complexity

Kim Sterelny
Science 18 July 2008: 344.
Summary: Although the title may offer little clue, these essays on the philosophy of science are particularly relevant to considerations of how to think about something as messy and multi-leveled as biology. Full Text »|   PDF »|  

Books Received

Science 18 July 2008: 344.
Summary »|  

Policy Forum

ECOLOGY: Assisted Colonization and Rapid Climate Change

O. Hoegh-Guldberg, L. Hughes, S. McIntyre, D. B. Lindenmayer, C. Parmesan, H. P. Possingham, and C. D. Thomas
Science 18 July 2008: 345-346.
Summary: Moving species outside their historic ranges may mitigate loss of biodiversity in the face of global climate change. Full Text »|   PDF »|  

Perspectives

NEUROSCIENCE: Vertebrate Vocalizations

Daniel Margoliash and Melina E. Hale
Science 18 July 2008: 347-348.
Summary: Did the mechanisms underlying vertebrate vocal abilities evolve from a single common ancestor? Full Text »|   PDF »|  

CLIMATE: Was the Younger Dryas Global?

Thomas V. Lowell and Meredith A. Kelly
Science 18 July 2008: 348-349.
Summary: Determining the geographical extent of a 1300-year cold event that occurred just before the current warm period requires accurate chronologies. Full Text »|   PDF »|  

MATERIALS SCIENCE: Tracking Corrosion Cracking

Andreas Stierle
Science 18 July 2008: 349-350.
Summary: The effects of both mechanical strain and oxidizing agents on grain boundaries in stainless steel can now be visualized. Full Text »|   PDF »|  

DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY: Grasping Limb Patterning

Clifford J. Tabin and Andrew P. McMahon
Science 18 July 2008: 350-352.
Summary: Recent studies offer insights into how a molecular signal controls the growth and patterning of the digits on vertebrate limbs during development. Full Text »|   PDF »|  

APPLIED PHYSICS: Focus on X-ray Diffraction

Henry N. Chapman
Science 18 July 2008: 352-353.
Summary: The marriage of scanning x-ray microscopy with diffractive imaging provides a route to dramatic increases in spatial resolution. Full Text »|   PDF »|  

CLIMATE CHANGE: A Hotter Greenhouse?

Matthew Huber
Science 18 July 2008: 353-354.
Summary: A controversy about how high tropical temperatures were during a previous hot period may soon be resolved. Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Brevia

Ice Scour Disturbance in Antarctic Waters

Dan A. Smale, Kirsty M. Brown, David K. A. Barnes, Keiron P. P. Fraser, and Andrew Clarke
Science 18 July 2008: 371.
Icebergs have increasingly scoured the coastlines along the West Antarctic Peninsula as its ice shelves and glaciers have waned, affecting benthic marine communities. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Research Article

Identification of SLEEPLESS, a Sleep-Promoting Factor

Kyunghee Koh, William J. Joiner, Mark N. Wu, Zhifeng Yue, Corinne J. Smith, and Amita Sehgal
Science 18 July 2008: 372-376.
A search for genetic modulators of sleep in Drosophila identified a gene encoding a brain protein that is likely secreted and is required for recovery from sleep deprivation. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Reports

Properties of Gamma-Ray Burst Progenitor Stars

Pawan Kumar, Ramesh Narayan, and Jarrett L. Johnson
Science 18 July 2008: 376-379.
Published online 26 June 2008 [DOI: 10.1126/science.1159003] (in Science Express Reports)
Analysis of the x-ray afterglow of intense gamma-ray bursts shows that the bursts result from consumption of the outer part of a dense star and define the star’s rotation rate. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|  

High-Resolution Scanning X-ray Diffraction Microscopy

Pierre Thibault, Martin Dierolf, Andreas Menzel, Oliver Bunk, Christian David, and Franz Pfeiffer
Science 18 July 2008: 379-382.
Analysis of differences in diffraction patterns at each point along an x-ray scan of a material allows imaging of a buried structure with a resolution of 50 nanometers. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Observations of Intergranular Stress Corrosion Cracking in a Grain-Mapped Polycrystal

A. King, G. Johnson, D. Engelberg, W. Ludwig, and J. Marrow
Science 18 July 2008: 382-385.
Tomographic imaging reveals that some grain boundaries in stainless steel are resistant to stress corrosion cracking, which leads to sudden brittle failure. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Measurement of the Elastic Properties and Intrinsic Strength of Monolayer Graphene

Changgu Lee, Xiaoding Wei, Jeffrey W. Kysar, and James Hone
Science 18 July 2008: 385-388.
Measurements of the elastic properties of graphene agree with calculations for a defect-free material and show that it is indeed stronger than other materials. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Measurement of the Distribution of Site Enhancements in Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering

Ying Fang, Nak-Hyun Seong, and Dana D. Dlott
Science 18 July 2008: 388-392.
Published online 26 June 2008 [DOI: 10.1126/science.1159499] (in Science Express Reports)
The distribution of electric field–enhancing sites on a nanostructured substrate is measured by using the enhanced field to damage those sites. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Patagonian Glacier Response During the Late Glacial–Holocene Transition

Robert P. Ackert, Jr., Richard A. Becker, Brad S. Singer, Mark D. Kurz, Marc W. Caffee, and David M. Mickelson
Science 18 July 2008: 392-395.
Dating of a glacial moraine in southern Patagonia implies that increased precipitation caused glacier growth after a period of Northern Hemisphere cooling 11,000 years ago. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Electronic Publication and the Narrowing of Science and Scholarship

James A. Evans
Science 18 July 2008: 395-399.
As journals become available electronically, scientists and scholars have more articles at their fingertips but cite relatively fewer, and these tend to be more recent. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

The Evolution and Distribution of Species Body Size

Aaron Clauset and Douglas H. Erwin
Science 18 July 2008: 399-401.
A model of evolutionary body-size changes that accounts for physical constraints and extinction risk reproduces the size distribution of land mammals from the Quaternary. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Four-jointed Is a Golgi Kinase That Phosphorylates a Subset of Cadherin Domains

Hiroyuki O. Ishikawa, Hideyuki Takeuchi, Robert S. Haltiwanger, and Kenneth D. Irvine
Science 18 July 2008: 401-404.
A newly described type of protein kinase found in the Golgi phosphorylates signaling proteins on amino acids that are destined to be within extracellular domains. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Signal-Mediated Dynamic Retention of Glycosyltransferases in the Golgi

Linna Tu, William C. S. Tai, Lu Chen, and David K. Banfield
Science 18 July 2008: 404-407.
Glycosyltransferase enzymes stay in the Golgi in the face of continuing membrane traffic because a receptor links their cytoplasmic tails to a recycling coated vesicle. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Anomalous Type 17 Response to Viral Infection by CD8⁺ T Cells Lacking T-bet and Eomesodermin

Andrew M. Intlekofer, Arnob Banerjee, Naofumi Takemoto, Scott M. Gordon, Caitlin S. DeJong, Haina Shin, Christopher A. Hunter, E. John Wherry, Tullia Lindsten, and Steven L. Reiner
Science 18 July 2008: 408-411.
Two transcription factors cooperate to ensure the correct functioning of CD8⁺ T cells during the response to infection. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Riboswitches in Eubacteria Sense the Second Messenger Cyclic Di-GMP

N. Sudarsan, E. R. Lee, Z. Weinberg, R. H. Moy, J. N. Kim, K. H. Link, and R. R. Breaker
Science 18 July 2008: 411-413.
The bacterial second messenger cyclic di–guanosine monophosphate controls a wide variety of cellular functions by acting on a riboswitch motif in numerous messenger RNAs. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Bottom-Up Dependent Gating of Frontal Signals in Early Visual Cortex

Leeland B. Ekstrom, Pieter R. Roelfsema, John T. Arsenault, Giorgio Bonmassar, and Wim Vanduffel
Science 18 July 2008: 414-417.
Higher brain centers can modulate activity in the cortical regions that directly receive visual input, but only when a visual stimulus is present. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Evolutionary Origins for Social Vocalization in a Vertebrate Hindbrain–Spinal Compartment

Andrew H. Bass, Edwin H. Gilland, and Robert Baker
Science 18 July 2008: 417-421.
The conserved neural circuitry for vocal communication in fish and other tetrapods suggests that this function may have originated prior to the evolution of bony vertebrates. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Orbitofrontal Dysfunction in Patients with Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder and Their Unaffected Relatives

Samuel R. Chamberlain, Lara Menzies, Adam Hampshire, John Suckling, Naomi A. Fineberg, Natalia del Campo, Mike Aitken, Kevin Craig, Adrian M. Owen, Edward T. Bullmore, Trevor W. Robbins, and Barbara J. Sahakian
Science 18 July 2008: 421-422.
The abnormally low activation in the frontal cortex of individuals with obsessive compulsive disorder and their close relatives may confer a risk for the disease. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Technical Comments

Comment on "A 3-Hydroxypropionate/4-Hydroxybutyrate Autotrophic Carbon Dioxide Assimilation Pathway in Archaea"

Thijs J. G. Ettema and Siv G. E. Andersson
Science 18 July 2008: 342.
Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Response to Comment on "A 3-Hydroxypropionate/4-Hydroxybutyrate Autotrophic Carbon Dioxide Assimilation Pathway in Archaea"

Ivan A. Berg, Daniel Kockelkorn, Wolfgang Buckel, and Georg Fuchs
Science 18 July 2008: 342.
Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|