Speciation

Happy Birthday, Mr. Darwin

Andrew Sugden, Caroline Ash, Brooks Hanson, and Laura Zahn
Science 6 February 2009: 727.
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Reviews

The Red Queen and the Court Jester: Species Diversity and the Role of Biotic and Abiotic Factors Through Time

Michael J. Benton
Science 6 February 2009: 728-732.
Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|  

Adaptive Radiation: Contrasting Theory with Data

Sergey Gavrilets and Jonathan B. Losos
Science 6 February 2009: 732-737.
Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|  

Evidence for Ecological Speciation and Its Alternative

Dolph Schluter
Science 6 February 2009: 737-741.
Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

The Bacterial Species Challenge: Making Sense of Genetic and Ecological Diversity

Christophe Fraser, Eric J. Alm, Martin F. Polz, Brian G. Spratt, and William P. Hanage
Science 6 February 2009: 741-746.
Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|  

Is Genetic Evolution Predictable?

David L. Stern and Virginie Orgogozo
Science 6 February 2009: 746-751.
Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|  

This Week in Science

Editor summaries of this week's papers.
Science 6 February 2009: 683.
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Editorial:
Species Uncertainties

Robert M. May and Paul H. Harvey
Science 6 February 2009: 687.
Summary »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|  

Editors' Choice

Highlights of the recent literature.
Science 6 February 2009: 688.
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Science Podcast

Science 6 February 2009: 809.
Summary: The 6 February 2009 show includes the biochemistry behind better short-term memory, the genetics of wolf coat color, the origin of art, and more. Full Text »|   Transcript »|  

NEW PRODUCTS

Science 6 February 2009: 809.
Summary »|   PDF »|  

News of the Week

U.S. BUDGET: Agencies Sweat the Details of Spending Billions More on Science

Jeffrey Mervis
Science 6 February 2009: 696-697.
Summary: It is a problem U.S. science agencies are delighted to have: how to spend billions of dollars on basic research over the next 18 months in a way that does not cause headaches down the road. Full Text »|   PDF »|  

HIGHER EDUCATION: New Ph.D.s to Teach Harvard Undergrads

Susan Gaidos
Science 6 February 2009: 697.
Summary: Harvard University plans to hire up to 20 recent Ph.D.s to teach undergraduate courses in a move that officials say will improve instruction and help students facing a tough job market. Full Text »|   PDF »|  

FINANCIAL CRISIS: California Researchers Chilled by Sudden Freeze on Bond Funds

Greg Miller
Science 6 February 2009: 698-699.
Summary: Scientists, graduate students, and nonprofit organizations are now facing a mad scramble to replace billions of dollars in funding tied to the sale of state bonds that the state of California has frozen. Full Text »|   PDF »|  

FINANCIAL CRISIS: Stem Cell Institute Looks for New Ways to Raise Cash

Greg Miller
Science 6 February 2009: 698.
Summary: Although California's recent decision to freeze funding on projects tied to bond sales has had a chilling impact on many researchers in the state (see main text), the freeze has not had a big immediate impact on the California Institute for Regenerative Medicine, its officials say. Full Text »|   PDF »|  

BIOSECURITY: Life Scientists Cautious About Dual-Use Research, Study Finds

Yudhijit Bhattacharjee
Science 6 February 2009: 699.
Summary: Some life scientists are changing the way they do business because of security concerns, according to a U.S. survey released this week. Full Text »|   PDF »|  

GLOBAL HEALTH: Some Neglected Diseases Are More Neglected Than Others

Martin Enserink
Science 6 February 2009: 700.
Summary: The first global study tracking spending on research and development for "neglected diseases" finds that the battle against dengue is relatively well-funded, whereas pneumonia, meningitis, and diarrhea get mere table crumbs. Full Text »|   PDF »|  

PHYSICS: Invisibility Umbrella Would Let Future Harry Potters See the Light

Adrian Cho
Science 6 February 2009: 701.
Summary: A team from Hong Kong has come up with a theoretical scheme for an "invisibility umbrella" that can make both itself and an object placed beside it disappear. Full Text »|   PDF »|  

SCIENCE INSIDER: From the Science Policy Blog

Science 6 February 2009: 701.
Summary: The Science news staff offers some highlights from its policy blog, ScienceInsider. Full Text »|   PDF »|  

Random Samples

Science 6 February 2009: 693.
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Newsmakers

Science 6 February 2009: 695.
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News Focus

POLIO ERADICATION: Looking for a Little Luck

Leslie Roberts
Science 6 February 2009: 702-705.
Summary: After another year of setbacks--and some real gains--the global polio eradication initiative continues with more support than ever. Full Text »|   PDF »|  

POLIO ERADICATION: Rethinking the Polio Endgame

Leslie Roberts
Science 6 February 2009: 705.
Summary: One of the toughest conundrums for the long-running Global Polio Eradication Initiative has been whether and when it would be safe to stop vaccinating once they deem the virus gone. Now, the thinking is undergoing a major shift. Full Text »|   PDF »|  

EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY: Agreeing to Disagree

Elizabeth Pennisi
Science 6 February 2009: 706-708.
Summary: Two friends debate the relative importance of kinship in the evolution of complex social systems in insects. Full Text »|   PDF »|  

ORIGINS: On the Origin of Art and Symbolism

Michael Balter
Science 6 February 2009: 709-711.
Summary: How and when was the artistic gift born? In the second essay in Science's series in honor of the Year of Darwin, Michael Balter discusses the evolution of the human ability to develop mental images and convey them through abstract means such as drawing and sculpting. Full Text »|   PDF »|   Podcast Interview »|  

Letters

 Keeping Raw Data in Context

Ida Sim, Christopher G. Chute, Harold Lehmann, Rakesh Nagarajan, Meredith Nahm, and Richard H. Scheuermann
Science 6 February 2009: 713.
Full Text »|   PDF »|  

 The IRB Is Key

William R. Lovallo; and John A. List
Science 6 February 2009: 713-714.
Full Text »|   PDF »|  

 Implications of Ancient Ice

Sergey Zimov;, Duane G. Froese, Alberto V. Reyes, John A. Westgate, and Shari J. Preece
Science 6 February 2009: 714-715.
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 Corrections and Clarifications

Science 6 February 2009: 714.
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Books et al.

EVOLUTION: The Overwhelming Evidence

Massimo Pigliucci
Science 6 February 2009: 716-717.
Summary: Full Text »|   PDF »|  

EVOLUTION: On the Metazoan Tree

Wallace Arthur
Science 6 February 2009: 717.
Summary: Full Text »|   PDF »|  

Books Received

Science 6 February 2009: 717.
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Policy Forum

PLANETARY SCIENCE: Biologically Reversible Exploration

Christopher P. McKay
Science 6 February 2009: 718.
Summary: International policies for protection of Mars and other planets from biological contamination need to be maintained and strengthened. Full Text »|   PDF »|  

Perspectives

ASTRONOMY: Forming Massive Stars

Barbara Whitney
Science 6 February 2009: 719-720.
Summary: Sophisticated numerical simulations can now describe the formation of supermassive stars. Full Text »|   PDF »|  

EVOLUTION: Time's Stamp on Modern Biogeography

J. Alistair Crame
Science 6 February 2009: 720-721.
Summary: A study of living bivalves provides clues to the evolution of biodiversity over the past 200 million years. Full Text »|   PDF »|  

SOCIAL SCIENCE: Computational Social Science

David Lazer, Alex Pentland, Lada Adamic, Sinan Aral, Albert-Laszlo Barabasi, Devon Brewer, Nicholas Christakis, Noshir Contractor, James Fowler, Myron Gutmann, Tony Jebara, Gary King, Michael Macy, Deb Roy, and Marshall Van Alstyne
Science 6 February 2009: 721-723.
Summary: A field is emerging that leverages the capacity to collect and analyze data at a scale that may reveal patterns of individual and group behaviors. Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

CELL BIOLOGY: Moonlighting in Mitochondria

Martin G. Myers Jr.
Science 6 February 2009: 723-724.
Summary: A cellular signaling pathway that responds to cytokines may coordinately control energy production by mitochondria. Full Text »|   PDF »|  

GEOLOGY: Heavy Metals or Punk Rocks?

Robert J. Bodnar
Science 6 February 2009: 724-725.
Summary: Meeting the world's demand for metals such as copper and zinc may be aided by recent insights into the formation of ore deposits. Full Text »|   PDF »|  

MATERIALS SCIENCE: Confined Polymers Crystallize

Piet J. Lemstra
Science 6 February 2009: 725-726.
Summary: Squeezing very thin polymer layers can cause them to form polymer single crystals that could make plastic films less permeable to gases. Full Text »|   PDF »|  

Brevia

The Sea-Level Fingerprint of West Antarctic Collapse

Jerry X. Mitrovica, Natalya Gomez, and Peter U. Clark
Science 6 February 2009: 753.
An uneven pattern of local sea-level rise would result from the collapse of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Reports

The Formation of Massive Star Systems by Accretion

Mark R. Krumholz, Richard I. Klein, Christopher F. McKee, Stella S. R. Offner, and Andrew J. Cunningham
Science 6 February 2009: 754-757.
Published online 15 January 2009 [DOI: 10.1126/science.1165857] (in Science Express Reports)
Numerical simulations show that instabilities can channel gas into growing massive stars despite their high radiation pressure. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  Podcast interview »|  

Confined Crystallization of Polyethylene Oxide in Nanolayer Assemblies

Haopeng Wang, Jong K. Keum, Anne Hiltner, Eric Baer, Benny Freeman, Artur Rozanski, and Andrzej Galeski
Science 6 February 2009: 757-760.
Squeezing ultrathin polymer layers can induce crystallization and decrease their gas permeability. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Nitrogen-Doped Carbon Nanotube Arrays with High Electrocatalytic Activity for Oxygen Reduction

Kuanping Gong, Feng Du, Zhenhai Xia, Michael Durstock, and Liming Dai
Science 6 February 2009: 760-764.
Carbon atoms in nanotubes are activated by nitrogen doping and catalyze oxygen reduction at high pH. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Anomalously Metal-Rich Fluids Form Hydrothermal Ore Deposits

Jamie J. Wilkinson, Barry Stoffell, Clara C. Wilkinson, Teresa E. Jeffries, and Martin S. Appold
Science 6 February 2009: 764-767.
The metal contents of the fluid inclusions that create lead-zinc ores have been drastically underestimated. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Signature of the End-Cretaceous Mass Extinction in the Modern Biota

Andrew Z. Krug, David Jablonski, and James W. Valentine
Science 6 February 2009: 767-771.
Increased rates of marine bivalve speciation after the Cretaceous-Tertiary extinction were most marked in the tropics. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

A Great-Appendage Arthropod with a Radial Mouth from the Lower Devonian Hunsrück Slate, Germany

Gabriele Kühl, Derek E. G. Briggs, and Jes Rust
Science 6 February 2009: 771-773.
Fossil evidence for the great-appendage arthropods extends to more recent periods by about 100 million years. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Two Thresholds, Three Male Forms Result in Facultative Male Trimorphism in Beetles

J. Mark Rowland and Douglas J. Emlen
Science 6 February 2009: 773-776.
A clade of dung beetles can alter their reproductive tactics by switching between three male forms. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Sequential Sympatric Speciation Across Trophic Levels

Andrew A. Forbes, Thomas H.Q. Powell, Lukasz L. Stelinski, James J. Smith, and Jeffrey L. Feder
Science 6 February 2009: 776-779.
A host shift by a fly is causing its wasp parasite to undergo changes leading to speciation. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Evolution of the Drosophila Nuclear Pore Complex Results in Multiple Hybrid Incompatibilities

Shanwu Tang and Daven C. Presgraves
Science 6 February 2009: 779-782.
Nuclear pore complex proteins are involved in lethal gene interactions in Drosophila melanogaster-D. simulans species hybrids. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Queen Ants Make Distinctive Sounds That Are Mimicked by a Butterfly Social Parasite

Francesca Barbero, Jeremy A Thomas, Simona Bonelli, Emilio Balletto, and Karsten Schönrogge
Science 6 February 2009: 782-785.
Sounds made by queen ants denoting rank are copied by the larvae and pupae of a parasitic butterfly, facilitating their infiltration into ant colonies. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Stability Predicts Genetic Diversity in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest Hotspot

Ana Carolina Carnaval, Michael J. Hickerson, Célio F. B. Haddad, Miguel T. Rodrigues, and Craig Moritz
Science 6 February 2009: 785-789.
Modeling ecological niches under past climates establishes a method to improve prediction and protection of tropical biodiversity hotspots. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Orc1 Controls Centriole and Centrosome Copy Number in Human Cells

Adriana S. Hemerly, Supriya G. Prasanth, Khalid Siddiqui, and Bruce Stillman
Science 6 February 2009: 789-793.
A DNA replication factor ensures that only two centrioles are formed during cell division in animal cells. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Function of Mitochondrial Stat3 in Cellular Respiration

Joanna Wegrzyn, Ramesh Potla, Yong-Joon Chwae, Naresh B. V. Sepuri, Qifang Zhang, Thomas Koeck, Marta Derecka, Karol Szczepanek, Magdalena Szelag, Agnieszka Gornicka, Akira Moh, Shadi Moghaddas, Qun Chen, Santha Bobbili, Joanna Cichy, Jozef Dulak, Darren P. Baker, Alan Wolfman, Dennis Stuehr, Medhat O. Hassan, Xin-Yuan Fu, Narayan Avadhani, Jennifer I. Drake, Paul Fawcett, Edward J. Lesnefsky, and Andrew C. Larner
Science 6 February 2009: 793-797.
Published online 8 January 2009 [DOI: 10.1126/science.1164551] (in Science Express Reports)
A protein that has a nuclear function as a transcription factor also functions to support respiration in the mitochondria. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Platelets Kill Intraerythrocytic Malarial Parasites and Mediate Survival to Infection

Brendan J. McMorran, Vikki M. Marshall, Carolyn de Graaf, Karen E. Drysdale, Meriam Shabbar, Gordon K. Smyth, Jason E. Corbin, Warren S. Alexander, and Simon J. Foote
Science 6 February 2009: 797-800.
Mouse and human platelets bind malarial-infected red cells and kill the parasite within. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Changes in Cortical Dopamine D1 Receptor Binding Associated with Cognitive Training

Fiona McNab, Andrea Varrone, Lars Farde, Aurelija Jucaite, Paulina Bystritsky, Hans Forssberg, and Torkel Klingberg
Science 6 February 2009: 800-802.
Training of working memory alters brain biochemistry by changing the density of cortical dopamine receptors. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  Podcast Interview »|  

Axon Regeneration Requires a Conserved MAP Kinase Pathway

Marc Hammarlund, Paola Nix, Linda Hauth, Erik M. Jorgensen, and Michael Bastiani
Science 6 February 2009: 802-806.
Published online 22 January 2009 [DOI: 10.1126/science.1165527] (in Science Express Reports)
Axon regeneration in adult nematode worms has distinct signals that are independent of earlier developmental programs. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Technical Comments

Comment on "Human-Specific Gain of Function in a Developmental Enhancer"

Laurent Duret and Nicolas Galtier
Science 6 February 2009: 714.
Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|  

Response to Comment on "Human-Specific Gain of Function in a Developmental Enhancer"

Shyam Prabhakar, Axel Visel, Jennifer A. Akiyama, Malak Shoukry, Keith D. Lewis, Amy Holt, Ingrid Plajzer-Frick, Harris Morrison, David R. FitzPatrick, Veena Afzal, Len A. Pennacchio, Edward M. Rubin, and James P. Noonan
Science 6 February 2009: 714.
Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|