This Week in Science

Editor summaries of this week's papers.
Science 15 May 2009: 851.
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Editorial:
Translational Careers

N. Andrews, J. E. Burris, T. R. Cech, B. S. Coller, W. F. Crowley, Jr., E. K. Gallin, K. L. Kelner, D. G. Kirch, A. I. Leshner, C. D. Morris, F. T. Nguyen, J. Oates, and N. S. Sung
Science 15 May 2009: 855.
Summary »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|  

Editors' Choice

Highlights of the recent literature.
Science 15 May 2009: 857.
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Science Podcast

Science 15 May 2009: 959.
The show includes how the brain reacts to vicarious reward, potential sea-level rise from collapsing ice sheets, monies budgeted for U.S. science, and more. Summary »|   Full Text »|   Transcript »|  

New Products

Science 15 May 2009: 959.
A weekly roundup of information on newly offered instrumentation, apparatus, and laboratory materials of potential interest to researchers. Summary »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|  

News of the Week

The 2010 Budget
Stimulus Spending Looms Large as Obama Charts a Course for Science

Jeffrey Mervis
Science 15 May 2009: 864-866.
In President Barack Obama's $3.6 trillion budget request to Congress—his first since taking office in January—overall spending on research would creep up by 0.6%, to $59 billion, over the comparable appropriation for 2009. Summary »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Podcast Interview »|  

The 2010 Budget
Navigating Treacherous Waters

Dan Charles, Jocelyn Kaiser, Eli Kintisch, and Erik Stokstad
Science 15 May 2009: 864-866.
Science lobbyists have cheered President Barack Obama's arrival at the helm of the U.S. ship of state for a host of reasons. But how long will that honeymoon last? Science discusses five areas that could cause friction between the new president and the research community. Summary »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|  

Biomedical Research
Stimulus Funding Elicits a Tidal Wave of ‘Challenge Grants’

Jocelyn Kaiser
Science 15 May 2009: 867.
A frantic grant-writing effort that has consumed biomedical research scientists this spring came to an end last week, resulting in a huge pile of new applications—more than 10 times larger than expected—to be reviewed by the National Institutes of Health. Summary »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|  

ScienceInsider
From the Science Policy Blog

Science 15 May 2009: 867.
ScienceInsider went all over town last week to hear federal agency officials present details of President Barack Obama's 2010 budget request to Congress. Summary »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|  

Newsmaker Interview
Texas Transplant Alfred Gilman Guides $3 Billion Cancer Project

Jocelyn Kaiser
Science 15 May 2009: 868.
Biochemist Alfred Gilman was named scientific director of the Cancer Prevention and Research Institute of Texas last month. Science interviewed Gilman recently; his comments have been edited for brevity. Summary »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|  

Particle Physics
Austria's Possible CERN Withdrawal Rattles Physicists

Daniel Clery
Science 15 May 2009: 869.
Austrian science minister Johannes Hahn announced on 7 May that he intends to withdraw the country from CERN membership by the end of 2010 because his ministry thinks its 16 million annual contribution would be better spent on smaller research projects. Summary »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|  

ScienceNOW.org
From Science's Online Daily News Site

Science 15 May 2009: 869.
Highlights from Science's online daily news site, ScienceNOW, this week include nice guys who finish first, our unpredictable sun, how to hide a 5-ton shark, and the densest and strongest material in the universe. Summary »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|  

Swine Flu Outbreak
Flu Researchers Train Sights On Novel Tricks of Novel H1N1

Jon Cohen
Science 15 May 2009: 870-871.
Shortly after receiving word on 23 April that the same odd strain of swine influenza had infected humans in both the United States and Mexico, researchers around the world pounced on this novel H1N1 virus. Summary »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|  

Swine Flu Outbreak
Swine Flu Names Evolving Faster Than Swine Flu Itself

Martin Enserink
Science 15 May 2009: 871.
Three weeks after the world woke up to the threat of an influenza pandemic, a Babylonian confusion has arisen about what the virus—and the pandemic, if it happens—should be called. Summary »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|  

Random Samples

Science 15 May 2009: 863.
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News Focus

Science and the Media
‘Vengeance’ Bites Back At Jared Diamond

Michael Balter
Science 15 May 2009: 872-874.
Two tribesmen from Papua New Guinea are suing the prominent biologist over a popular magazine article about the human thirst for retribution. Summary »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|  

Materials Science
Carbon Sheets an Atom Thick Give Rise to Graphene Dreams

Robert F. Service
Science 15 May 2009: 875-877.
Interest in a novel material with amazing properties continues to sweep through physics and chemistry labs worldwide. Will graphene's promise pay off? Summary »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|  

Materials Science
Relativistic Physics in the Lab

Robert F. Service
Science 15 May 2009: 876.
Graphene holds enormous promise for transistors and other electronic devices (see main text). But it is already making an impact in the arcane world of high-energy physics. Summary »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|  

Lunar Resources
Two Missions Go in Search of A Watery Lunar Bonanza

Richard A. Kerr
Science 15 May 2009: 878-879.
Frustrated by long-controversial hints of water ice on the moon, researchers-turned-miners are going to blast for the mother lode in hopes that astronauts can use water to fuel a permanent moon base. Summary »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|  

Letters

 Politics Still in Play

Louis S. Thompson
Science 15 May 2009: 880.
Full Text »|   PDF »|  

 Invest in Postdocs

Kevin G. Hoff
Science 15 May 2009: 880.
Full Text »|   PDF »|  

 Mining the Data on Coal

Michael Lardelli
Science 15 May 2009: 880-881.
Full Text »|   PDF »|  

 Conference Covered Climate from All Angles

Mike Hulme, Max Boykoff, Joyeeta Gupta, Thomas Heyd, Jill Jaeger, Dale Jamieson, Maria Carmen Lemos, Karen O'Brien, Timmons Roberts, Johan Rockström, and Coleen Vogel
Science 15 May 2009: 881-882.
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Books et al.

Economics
Far from a Rational Crowd

Michelle Baddeley
Science 15 May 2009: 883-884.
Arguing for a "behaviorally informed Keynesianism," Akerlof and Shiller discuss a variety of macroeconomic topics including business cycles, inflation, unemployment, financial and real estate booms and busts, poverty, and monetary policy. Summary »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|  

 Browsings

Science 15 May 2009: 884.
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Books Received

Science 15 May 2009: 884.
A listing of books received at Science during the week ended 08 May 2009. Summary »|  

Policy Forum

Public Health
The Cholera Crisis in Africa

S. Bhattacharya, R. Black, L. Bourgeois, J. Clemens, A. Cravioto, J. L. Deen, Gordon Dougan, R. Glass, R. F. Grais, M. Greco, I. Gust, J. Holmgren, S. Kariuki, P.-H. Lambert, M. A. Liu, I. Longini, G. B. Nair, R. Norrby, G. J. V. Nossal, P. Ogra, P. Sansonetti, L. von Seidlein, F. Songane, A.-M. Svennerholm, D. Steele, and R. Walker
Science 15 May 2009: 885.
Long-lasting cholera outbreaks in Africa suggest limitations in the current strategy of disease control. Summary »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|  

Perspectives

Ecology
Seasons and Life Cycles

Heidi Steltzer and Eric Post
Science 15 May 2009: 886-887.
A conceptual framework explains how individual species' responses to climate warming affect the length of the growing season. Summary »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|  

Ecology
Phenology Feedbacks on Climate Change

Josep Peñuelas, This Rutishauser, and Iolanda Filella
Science 15 May 2009: 887-888.
A longer growing season as a result of climate change will in turn affect climate through biogeochemical and biophysical effects. Summary »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|  

Ocean Science
Ice Sheet Stability and Sea Level

Erik R. Ivins
Science 15 May 2009: 888-889.
How much will sea levels rise if the West Antarctic Ice Sheet becomes unstable? Summary »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|  

Development
Ovulation Signals

Rajesha Duggavathi and Bruce D. Murphy
Science 15 May 2009: 890-891.
Human infertility may be associated with aberrant cell signaling events within ovarian granulosa cells. Summary »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|  

Applied Physics
Photovoltaics Power Up

Richard M. Swanson
Science 15 May 2009: 891-892.
The power-generating capacity of solar cells, while currently small relative to other sources, is increasing exponentially. Summary »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|  

Applied Physics
Two Beams Squeeze Feature Sizes in Optical Lithography

Joseph W. Perry
Science 15 May 2009: 892-893.
Competing activation and deactivation effects with shaped light beams could create in integrated circuit features much smaller than the beams' wavelengths. Summary »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|  

Neuroscience
Crossing the Line

Thomas Kidd
Science 15 May 2009: 893-894.
An axon guidance receptor generates a transcriptional response independent of its known ligand. Summary »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|  

Review

The Tail of Integrins, Talin, and Kindlins

Markus Moser, Kyle R. Legate, Roy Zent, and Reinhard Fässler
Science 15 May 2009: 895-899.
Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|  

Brevia

A Key Role for Similarity in Vicarious Reward

Dean Mobbs, Rongjun Yu, Marcel Meyer, Luca Passamonti, Ben Seymour, Andrew J. Calder, Susanne Schweizer, Chris D. Frith, and Tim Dalgleish
Science 15 May 2009: 900.
A functional magnetic resonance imaging study reveals the interactions within the brain that modulate feelings of reward on seeing a similar person win a contest. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  Podcast Interview »|  

Research Articles

Reassessment of the Potential Sea-Level Rise from a Collapse of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet

Jonathan L. Bamber, Riccardo E. M. Riva, Bert L. A. Vermeersen, and Anne M. LeBrocq
Science 15 May 2009: 901-903.
A collapse of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet would raise global sea level by 3.2 meters, but with large regional variations. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  Podcast Interview »|  

Input-Specific Spine Entry of Soma-Derived Vesl-1S Protein Conforms to Synaptic Tagging

Daisuke Okada, Fumiko Ozawa, and Kaoru Inokuchi
Science 15 May 2009: 904-909.
The protein Vesl-1S fulfills the synaptic tagging hypothesis for the maintenance of input-specific action of neuronal networks. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Reports

Achieving /20 Resolution by One-Color Initiation and Deactivation of Polymerization

Linjie Li, Rafael R. Gattass, Erez Gershgoren, Hana Hwang, and John T. Fourkas
Science 15 May 2009: 910-913.
Published online 9 April 2009 [DOI: 10.1126/science.1168996] (in Science Express Reports)
Polymerization activated by a pulsed light beam was halted by a continuous beam of the same color in a surrounding halo. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Two-Color Single-Photon Photoinitiation and Photoinhibition for Subdiffraction Photolithography

Timothy F. Scott, Benjamin A. Kowalski, Amy C. Sullivan, Christopher N. Bowman, and Robert R. McLeod
Science 15 May 2009: 913-917.
Published online 9 April 2009 [DOI: 10.1126/science.1167610] (in Science Express Reports)
Polymerization activated by a beam of light was halted by inhibitors generated by a surrounding halo of a different color. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Confining Light to Deep Subwavelength Dimensions to Enable Optical Nanopatterning

Trisha L. Andrew, Hsin-Yu Tsai, and Rajesh Menon
Science 15 May 2009: 917-921.
Published online 9 April 2009 [DOI: 10.1126/science.1167704] (in Science Express Reports)
Molecules that photoisomerize and change in transparency are used to define narrow features on photoresists. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Size and Shape of Saturn's Moon Titan

Howard A. Zebker, Bryan Stiles, Scott Hensley, Ralph Lorenz, Randolph L. Kirk, and Jonathan Lunine
Science 15 May 2009: 921-923.
Published online 2 April 2009 [DOI: 10.1126/science.1168905] (in Science Express Reports)
Titan’s poles lie at lower elevations than the equator, perhaps explaining its high-latitude hydrocarbon lakes. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Observing the Quantization of Zero Mass Carriers in Graphene

David L. Miller, Kevin D. Kubista, Gregory M. Rutter, Ming Ruan, Walt A. de Heer, Phillip N. First, and Joseph A. Stroscio
Science 15 May 2009: 924-927.
Scanning tunneling microscopy on graphene reveals non-equally spaced Landau energy levels induced by a magnetic field. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Direct Detection of Abortive RNA Transcripts in Vivo

Seth R. Goldman, Richard H. Ebright, and Bryce E. Nickels
Science 15 May 2009: 927-928.
RNA polymerase engages in abortive transcription in bacteria, a process that may help to regulate gene expression. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

The Nuclear DNA Base 5-Hydroxymethylcytosine Is Present in Purkinje Neurons and the Brain

Skirmantas Kriaucionis and Nathaniel Heintz
Science 15 May 2009: 929-930.
Published online 16 April 2009 [DOI: 10.1126/science.1169786] (in Science Express Reports)
The genome of mammals contains appreciable amounts of a previously undescribed modified DNA base. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Conversion of 5-Methylcytosine to 5-Hydroxymethylcytosine in Mammalian DNA by MLL Partner TET1

Mamta Tahiliani, Kian Peng Koh, Yinghua Shen, William A. Pastor, Hozefa Bandukwala, Yevgeny Brudno, Suneet Agarwal, Lakshminarayan M. Iyer, David R. Liu, L. Aravind, and Anjana Rao
Science 15 May 2009: 930-935.
Published online 16 April 2009 [DOI: 10.1126/science.1170116] (in Science Express Reports)
Methylated C bases, an important epigenetic mark in genomic DNA, can be enzymically converted to 5-hydroxymethylcytosine. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

A Functional Role for Transposases in a Large Eukaryotic Genome

Mariusz Nowacki, Brian P. Higgins, Genevieve M. Maquilan, Estienne C. Swart, Thomas G. Doak, and Laura F. Landweber
Science 15 May 2009: 935-938.
Published online 16 April 2009 [DOI: 10.1126/science.1170023] (in Science Express Reports)
The ciliate Oxytricha expresses transposase genes to influence thousands of DNA rearrangements required for proper development. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

MAPK3/1 (ERK1/2) in Ovarian Granulosa Cells Are Essential for Female Fertility

Heng-Yu Fan, Zhilin Liu, Masayuki Shimada, Esta Sterneck, Peter F. Johnson, Stephen M. Hedrick, and JoAnne S. Richards
Science 15 May 2009: 938-941.
Targeted disruption of the kinases derails the molecular events that mediate induction of female reproductive development. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Cell Movements at Hensen’s Node Establish Left/Right Asymmetric Gene Expression in the Chick

Jerome Gros, Kerstin Feistel, Christoph Viebahn, Martin Blum, and Clifford J. Tabin
Science 15 May 2009: 941-944.
Published online 9 April 2009 [DOI: 10.1126/science.1172478] (in Science Express Reports)
Asymmetric gene expression is passively set up in the early chick embryo by cell rearrangements. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

A Frazzled/DCC-Dependent Transcriptional Switch Regulates Midline Axon Guidance

Long Yang, David S. Garbe, and Greg J. Bashaw
Science 15 May 2009: 944-947.
Published online 26 March 2009 [DOI: 10.1126/science.1171320] (in Science Express Reports)
A single receptor in Drosophila is involved in two molecular strategies that coordinate axon guidance. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Fictive Reward Signals in the Anterior Cingulate Cortex

Benjamin Y. Hayden, John M. Pearson, and Michael L. Platt
Science 15 May 2009: 948-950.
Single neurons in the monkey cingulate cortex respond to fictive and experienced outcomes in the same way. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Extinction-Reconsolidation Boundaries: Key to Persistent Attenuation of Fear Memories

Marie-H. Monfils, Kiriana K. Cowansage, Eric Klann, and Joseph E. LeDoux
Science 15 May 2009: 951-955.
Published online 2 April 2009 [DOI: 10.1126/science.1167975] (in Science Express Reports)
Behavioral manipulations can reverse a learned fearful association in rats. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|